PULSE SEQUENCES & TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR)

2D - Two Dimensional
3D - Three Dimensional
ADC - Apparent Diffusion Coefficient
ASL - Arterial Spin Labeling
BFFE - Balanced Fast Field Echo
BSSFP - Balanced Steady State Free Precession
CE-FAST - Contrast Enhanced Fourier Acquired Steady State Technique
CE-FFE _ Contrast Enhanced Fast Field Echo
CE-MRA - Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography
CE-MRI - Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging
CMRA - Coronary Magnetic Resonance Angiography
CGE - Coherent Gradient Echo
CISS- Constructive Interference in Steady State
CMR - Cardiac Magentic Resonance
CMRI - CMR Imaging
CMRS - CMR Spectroscopy
CNR - Contrast to Noise Ratio
CSFSE - Continguous Slice Fast Acquisition Spin Echo
DE - Driven Equilibrium
DEFAISE - Dual Echo Fast Acquisition Interleaved Spin Echo
DEFGR - Driven Equilibrium Fast Gradient Recalled acquisition in steady state
DE-MRI - Delayed Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging
DESS - Dual Echo Steady State
DFT - Discrete Fourier Transform
DIET - Dual Interval Echo Train
DSMR - Dobutamine Stress Magnetic Resonance
DTI - Diffusion Tensor Imaging
DWI - Diffusion Weighted Imaging
EPI - Echo Planar Imaging
E-SHORT - Steady state gradient echo with spin echo sampling
FA - Flip Angle
FADE - Fast Acquisition with Dual Echo
FAME - Fast Acquisition Multi-Echo
FASE - Fast Adanced Spin Echo
FAST - Fourier Acquired Steady state Technique
FATE - FAst Turbo Echo
FE - Field Echo
FEDIF - Field Echo DIFference
FEER - Field Even Echo by Reversal
FESUM - Field Echo SUMmation
FFE - Fast Field Echo
FFT - Fast Fourier Transform
FGRE - Fast Gradient Recalled Echo
FID - Free Induction Decay
FIESTA - Fast Imaging Employing STeady state Acquisition
FIS - Free Induction Signal
FISP - Fast Imaging with Steady State Precession
FLAIR - Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery
FLARE - Fast Low Angle Recalled Echo
FLASH - Fast Low Angle SHot
FMPSPGR - Fast Multi-Planar SPoiled Gradient Recalled Echo
FMRI - Fuctional Magentic Resonance Imaging
FOV - Field Of View
FRE - Field Reversal Echo
FS - Fat Suppression
FSE - Fast Spin Echo
FSE-IR - FSE Inversion Recovery
FSPGR - - Fast SPoiled Gradient Recalled Echo
GE - Gradient Echo
GE-EPI - Gradient Echo Planar Imaging
GFE - Gradient Field Echo
GFEC - Gradient Field Echo with Contrast
GRAPPA - GeneRalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisition
GRASE - GRadient And Spin Echo
GRASS - GRadient Recalled Acquisition in Steady State
GRE / GRECO / GRECHO - Gradient Recalled Echo
GREC - Gradient Recalled Echo with Contrast
GV-MRA - Great Vessels Magnetic Resonance Angiography
HARDI - High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging
HASTE - Half-Fourier Acquisition with Single Shot Turbo-Spin Echo
HE - Hyper Enhancement
iCMR - Interventional Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
IGE - Incoherent Gradient Echo
IPAT - Integrated Parallel Acquisition Technology
IR - Inversion Recovery
IR-FGE - Inversion Recovery Fast Gradient Echo
IR-FGR - Imversion Recovery Fast Gradient Recalled acquisition in steady state
LGE - Late Gadolinum Enhancement
LTIR - Long Tau Inversion Recovery

MDE - Myocardial Delayed Enhancement
MESS - Multi Echo Single Shot
MIP - Maximum Intensity Projection
MinIP - Minimum Intensity Projection
MMRI - Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MOTSA - Multiple Overlapping Thin Slab Acquisition
MPR - Multi-Planar Reformation / Reconstruction
MPGR - Multi-Planar Gradient Recalled Echo
MPSPGR - Multi-Planar SPoiled Gradient Recalled Echo
MP-RAGE - Multi-Planar Rapid Acquisition with Gradient Echo / Magnetization Prepared Rapid Gradient Echo
MPVR - Multi-Planar Volume Reconstruction
MR - Magnetic Resonance
MRI - Magnetic Resoance Imaging
MSEPI - Multi-shot Echo Planar Imaging
MSI - Multi-Slice Imaging
MTC - Magnetization Transfer Contrast
MTT - Mean Transit Time
NEX - Number of EXcitations
NMR - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
PA - Partial Averaging
PC - Phase Contrast
PD - Proton Density
PDP - Phase Difference Processing
PDW - Proton Density Weighting
PE - Partial Echo
PET/MRI - Positron Emission Tomography / Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PFI - Partial Flip Imaging
Ph-MRI - Pharmaceutical MRI
PS - Partial Saturation / Pulse Sequence
PSIF - Reversed Fast Imaging with Steady State Precession
PVC-MRI - Phase Velocity Cine MRI
QUEST - QUick Echo Split imaging Technique
RAM-FAST - Rapid Acquisition Matrix Fourier Acquired Steady State
RARE - Rapid Acquisition with Relaxed Enhancement
RF - Radio Frequency
RF-FAST - Radio Frequency Fourier Acquired Steady State
RFOV - Rectangular Field Of View
RISE - Rapid Imaging Spin Echo
ROAST- Resonant Offset Averaging in Steady State
ROI - Region Of Interest
RS - Rapid Scan
RSE - Rapid Spin Echo
SA - Signal Averaging
SE - Spin Echo
SE-EPI - Spin Echo Echo Planar Imaging
SENSE - SENSitivity Encoding Technique
SHORT - Short Repetition Technique
SMASH - SiMultaneous Acquisition of Spatial Harmonics
SNR - Signal to Noise Ratio
SPGR - Spoiled Gradient Recalled Echo
SSFP - Steat State Free Precession
SSFSE - Single Shot Fast Spin Echo
SSTSE - Single Shot Turbo Spin Echo
STAGE - Small Tip Angle Gradient Echo
STAGE-T1W - Small Tip Angle Gradient Echo T1 Weighted
STEP - STimulated Echo Progressive imaging
STERF - Steady state Technique with Refocused Free induction decay
STIR - Short T1 Inversion Recovery
T1 - Longitudinal (Spin-Lattice) Relaxation
T1 FAST - T1 Fourier Acquired Steady State
T1W - T1 Weighted
T2 - Transverse (Spin-Spin) Relaxation
T2W - T2 Weighted
T1-FFE - T1 Fast Field Echo
T2-FFE - T2 Fast Field Echo
TE - Echo Time
TFE / Turbo-FE - Turbo Field Echo
TGSE - Turbo Gradient Spin Echo
TI - Inversion Time
TIR - True Inversion Recovery
TOF-MRA - Time Of Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography
TR - Repetition Time for pulse
TR - Temporal Resolution
TRICKS - Time Resolved Imaging of Contrast KineticS
TRUE-FISP - True Fast Imaging Steady state Precession
TSE / Turbo-SE - Turbo Spin Echo
T-SHORT / Turbo-Short - Turbo Short Repetition Technique
UFGE - Ultra Fast Gradient Echo
UFSE - Ultra Fast Spin Echo
USPIO - Ultra Super Paramagnetic Iron Oxide
VEC - Velocity EnCoded Imaging
VENC - Vector ENCoding
VIBE - Volume Interpolated Breath-Hold Exam
VIGE - Volume Interpolated Gradient Echo
VRT - Volume Rendered 3D Image

NMR & MRI BASICS TUTORIALS - VIDEOS

1.) PRECESSION & RECESSION

This video explains the basic concepts of precession, relaxation and resonance.



2.) NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

This video explains the concepts of spin states in magnetic field, magnetization, larmor frequency and radio frequency coil.



3.) EARTH FIELD MRI TEACHING SYSTEM

This video explains about earth's magnetic field.



4.) FREE INDUCTION DECAY (FID)

This video explains the concept of free induction decay and a spectrum in the frequency domain.



5.) MAGNETIC FIELD HOMOGENEITY

This video explains about magnetic field inhomogeneity and the purpose of shimming.



6.) SPIN ECHOS & T2 RELAXATION

This video explains the concepts of spin echos, Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequences & T2 relaxation.



7.) T1 & T2 RELAXATION

This video explains the measurement of spin-spin relaxation and spin-lattice relaxation.



8.) MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)

This video explains an 1D magnetic resonance imaging experiment.



9.) K-SPACE

This video explains the concept of k-space and representation of spatial information in k-space.



MULTI-DIMENSIONAL K-SPACE

This video explains the k-space in two and three dimensions.



10.) TWO DIMENSIONAL MRI

This video explains the two dimensional magnetic resonance imaging experiment.

ANATOMY,PHYSIOLOGY TERMS USED IN CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE

AA - Ascending Aorta
AAA - Abdominal Aortic Aneursym
ABG - Arterial Blood Gas
AF - Arterial Fibrillation
AI - Aorta Insufficiency
AM - Acute Myocarditis
AO - AOrta
AoCo - Aortic Coarctation
AP - Anterio-Posterior
ALCAPA - Anomalous Left Coronary Artery of Pulmonary Artery
APVR - Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
AR - Aortic Regurgitation
ARVC - Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
ARVD - Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
AS - Aortic Stenosis
ASD - Aterial Septal Defect
ASL - Antero Superior Leaflet
ASO - Arterial Stitch Operation
AV - Atrio Ventricular
AVB - AV Block
AVC - AV Connection
AVM - Aterio Venous Malfunction
AVSD - AV Septal Defect
Azy - Azygous Vein
BB - Black Blood
BBB - Bundle Branch Block
BCPC - Bidirectional Cavo Pulmonary Communication
BCV - Brancho Cephalic Vein
BP - Blood Pressure
BOLD - Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent
bpm - Beats per Minute
BT Shunt - Blalock Taussig Shunt (Blalock Thomas Taussig Shunt)
CA - Cavernous Angiomas
CABG - Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
CAD - Coronary Atery Disease
CCTGA - Congenitally Corrected Transposition of Great Arteries
CFR - Coronary flow Reserve
CHF - Coronary Heart Failure
CT - Circulation Time, Capillary Telangiectasias
CO - Cardiac Output
CoA - Coarctation
DA / DAo - Descending Aorta
DAF - Dural Artero Venous Fistula
DCCF - Direct Carotid Cavernous Fistula
DCM - Dilated Cardio Myopathy
DIAG - Diagnosis
DILV - Double Inlet Left Ventricle
DKS - Damus Kaye Stansel
DobE - Dobutamine Echocardiography
DORV - Double Outlet Right Ventricle
DSE - Dobutamine Stress Echo-Cardiography
DSMR - Dobutamine Stress Magnetic Resonance
ECG - Electro Cardio Graphy
ECD - Endo Cardial Cushion Defect
EDV - End Diastolic Volume
EF - Ejection Fraction
ESV - End Systolic Volume
FF - Forward Flow
GA - General Anaesthesia
Gd - Gadolinium
HARP - HARmonic Phase Image
HCM - Hyper-Trophic Cardiomyopathy
HLA - Horizontal Long Axis
HOCM - Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy
HR - Heart Rate
HTN - Hyper TensioN
IAD - Inter Arterial Defect
IBL - Inferior Briding Leaflet
IE - Infectious Endocarditis
IHD - Ischemic Heart Disease
IM - Intra Muscular
IMH - Intra Mural Hematoma
IA - Innominate Artery
IV - Innominate Vein
IVC - Inferior Vena Cava

JVD - Jagular Venous Distension
LA - Left Atrium, Long Axis
LAA - Left Atrial Appendage
LAD - Left Anterior Descending Artery
LBL - Left Bridging Leaflet
LCA - Left Coronary Artery
LCC - Left Common Carotid Artery
LCX - Left Circumflex Artery
LIL - Left Inferior Leaflet
LLL - Left Lateral Leaflet
LLPA - Left Lower Pulmonary Artery
LLPV - Left Lower Pulmonary Vein
LMCA - Left Main Coronary Artery
LML - Left Mural Leaflet
LMS - Left Main Stem
LPA - Left Pulmonary Artery
LPV - Left Pulmonary Vein
LSL - Left Superior Leaflet
LV - Left Ventricle
LVD - Left Ventricular Dysfunction
LVNC - Left Ventroicular Non-Compaction
LVOT - Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
LVOTO - LVOT Obstruction
LVSV - Left Ventricular Stroke Volume
MAPCA - Major Aorto Pulmonary Collateral Arteries
MBF -Myocardial Blood Flow
MI - Myocardial Infarction
MPA - Main Pulmonary Artery
MR - Mitral Regurgitation
MV - Mitral Valve
MVP - Mitral Valve Prolapse
NSR - Non Sinus Rhythm
PA - Pulmonary Artery
PAA - Proximal Ascending Aorta
PAD - Peripheral Arterial Disease
PAPVR - Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
PAU - Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer
PCTA / PTA - Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty
PDA - Proximal Descending Aorta
PDA - Patent Ductus Ateriosus
PICA - Posterio Inferior Cerebral Artery
PFR - Peak Filling Rate
PLE - Protein Losing Entropathy
PM - Papillary Muscles
PPC - Peri Partum Cardiomyopathy
PPVI - Percutaneous Pulmonary Valve Implant
PR - Pulmonary Regurgitation
PS - Pulmonary Stenosis
PT - Pulmonary Trunk
PVD - Peripheral Vascular Disease
PVR - Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
Qp - Pulmonary Flow
Qs - Systematic Flow
RA - Right Atrium
RAA - RA Appendage
RAH - Right Atrium Hypertrophy
RBBB - right Bundle Block
RCA - Right Coronary Artery
RF - Regurgitant Flow
RHD - Rheumatic Heart Disease
RIL - Right Inferior Leaflet
RIPV - Right Inferior Pulmonary Vein
RLL - Right Lateral Leaflet
RLPV - Right Lower Pulmonary Vein
ROMI - Rule Out Myocardial Infarction
RPA - Right Pulmonary Artery
R-R - Time between successive R peaks in ECG wave
RSL - Right Superior Leaflet
RV - Right Ventricle
RVH - Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
RVOT - Right Ventricular Outflow Tract
RVOTO - RVOT Obstruction
RVSV - RV Stroke Volume
SA - Sino Atrial, Saccular Aneurysms, Short Axiz
SAM - Systolic Anterior Motion
SBL - Superior Bridging Leaflet
SCD - Sudden Cardiac Death
SEMI - Sub Endocardial Myocardial Infarction
SMA - Superior Mesentric Artery
SV - Stroke Volume
SVC - Superior Vena Cava
SVR - systemic Vascular Resistance
SVT - Supra Ventricular Tachycardia
TAPVD - Total Anamalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage
TAPVR - Total Anamalous Pulmonary Venous Return
TCPC - Total Cavo Pulmonary connection
TIA - Transient Ischemic Attack
TEA - Thrombo Endo Arterectomy
TEE - Trans Esophageal Echocardiography
Tet / TOF - Tetralogy of Fallot
TGA - Transposition of Great Arteries
TIMI - Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction
TMMI - Trans Mural Myocardial Infarction
TOS - Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
TTE - Trans Thoracic Echo Cardiography
VA - Venous Angiomas
VCG - Vector ECG
VCATS - Volume Coronary Angiography with Targeted Scans
VD - Venous Dysplasia
VF - Ventricular Fibrillation
VLA - Vertical Long Axis
VPS - View Per Segment
VSD - Ventricular Septal Defect
WMSI - Wall motion Score Index

ABBREVIATIONS IN MAGENTIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

1D - One Dimension
1D-CSI - One Dimensional Chemical Shift Imaging
1H - Hydrogen Proton / Nuclei
2,3-DPG - 2,3-Di-Phospho-Glycerate
2D - Two Dimension
2QC - 2 Quantum Coherence
2QF-COSY - Double Quantum Filtered COrrelated Spectroscopy
3QF-COSY - Triple Quantum Filtered COrrelated Spectroscopy
5FU - 5-Fluorouracil
13C - Carbon Nuclei
18-FDG - Fluoro-Deoxy-Glucose
19F - Fluorine Nuclei
23Na - Sodium Nuclei
31P - Phosphorus Nuclei
A - Adenine
Acyl-CoA - Acyl Coenzyme A
ACP - Amorphous Calcium Phosphate
ADP - Adenosine Di-Phosphate
AFP - Alfa Feto Protein, Adiabatic Full Passage
AHP - Adiabatic Half Passage
Ala - Alanine
AMP - Adenosine Mono-Phosphate
AQT - AQuisition Time
Arg - Arginine
Asc - Ascorbic Acid
Asn - Asparagine
Asp - Aspartic Acid
ATP - Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
BAPTA - 1,2-Bis(o-AminoPhenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-Tetraacetic Acid
BB - Broad Band
BHB - Beta Hydroxy Butyrate / 3-Hydroxy Butyric Acid
BIR - B1 Insensitive Rotation
BISEP - B1 Insensitive Spectral Editing Pulse
BMRB - Biological Magnetic Resonance Bank
BMS - Bulk Magnetic Susceptibility
BOLD - Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent
BPP - Bloembergen Purcell Pound theory
C - Cytosine
CIDP - Chemically Induced Dynamic nuclear Polarization
CDP - Cytidine Diphosphate
CHESS - CHEmical Shift Selective
CHISS - Chemical Shift Insensitive Slice Selective RF Pulse
Cho - Choline
CK - Creatine Kinase
CMRS - Cardiac Magnetic Resnoance Spectroscopy
CoA - Coenzyme A
COSY - COrrelated Spectroscopy
CP - Composite Pulse
CPD - Composite Decoupling
CSA - Chemical Shift Aniostrophy
CT - Cytidyl Transferase
CW - Continuous Wave
CPMG - Carr, Purcell, Meiboom, Gill Pulse Sequence
CYCLOPS - Cyclically Ordered Phase Sequence
DAG - Di-Acyl Glycerol
DANTE - Delayed Alternating with Nutation for Tailored Excitation
DHAP - Di-Hydroxy-Acetone Phosphate
DPFGSE - Double Pulsed Field Gradient Spin Echo
DQF - Double Quantum Filter
DQFCOSY - Double Quantum Filtered Correlated Spectroscopy
DRESS - Depth Resolved Surface Coil Spectroscopy
DSV - Diameter Spectral Volume
FA - Fatty Acid
FD - Frequency Domain
FFT - Fast Fourier Transformation
FID - Free Induction Decay
FIR - Fast Inversion Recovery
FROGS - Fast ResOlving Gradient Spectroscopy
FT - Fourier Transformation
G6F - Glucose 6 Phosphate
GB - Gaussian Broadening
Gd-DTPA - Gadolinium Diethylene Triamine Penta Acetic Acid
Gd-DTPA-BMA - Gadolinium Diethylene Triamine Penta Acetic Acid Bis-Methyl-Amide
Glu - Glutamine
Gly - Glycine
GM - Gaussian Multiplication
Gro - Glycerol
GroK - Glycerol Kinase
GroP - Glycerol 3 Phosphate
GPC - Glycero-Phosphoryl Choline
GPE - Glycero-Phosphoryl Ethanolamine
HSVD - Hankel Singular Value Decomposition
HR - High Resolution
HYFY - Hydrogen-Fluorine returning tomography
ISIS - Image Selected In-Vivo Spectroscopy
IRFT - Inversion Recovery Fourier Transformation
LB - Line Broadening
LP - Linear Prediction
LPL - Lysophosphatidylcholine Phospho-Lipase
LPSVD - Linear Prediction Singular Value Decomposition
Lyso-PC - Lyso-Phosphatidyl-Choline
LW - Line Width
MEM - Maximum Entropy Methods
Mn-DPDP - Manganese Dipyridoxal Di-Phosphate
MPE - Monophosphate Esters
MQ - Multiple Quantum
MRS - Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
MVS - Multi Volume Spectroscopy
NOE - Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement
PA - Phosphatidate
PC - Phosphatidyl-Choline
PCho - Phosphoryl Choline
PCr - Phospho-Creatine
PCT - Phosphoryl Choline Transferase
PE - Phophatidyl-Ethanolamine
PHD - Phospho-HyDrolase
Pi - Inorganic Phosphate
PDE -Phospho-Di-Esters
PL - Phospho-Lipids
PLA - Phospho-Lipase A
PLC - Phospho-Lipase C
PLC - Phospho-Lipase D
PME - Phospho-Mono-Ester
PO - Product Operator
PPi - inorganic Pyrophosphate
PPP - Tri-Polyphosphate
PPM - Parts Per Million
PRESS -Point REsolved Spectroscopy
PS - Progressive Saturation, Partial Saturation
PSD - Phase Sensitive Detector
PSFT - Progressive Saturation Fourier Transformation
PW - Pulse Width
QSINE - Squared SINE bell weighting
RARE - Rapid Acquisition Relaxation Enhanced
RF - Radio Frequency
RR - Relaxation Reagents
SI - Spectroscopic Imaging
SECSY - Spin Echo Correlated Spectroscopy
SLOOP - Spectral LOcalization with Optimum Point Spread Function
SNR - Signal to Noise Ratio
SPARS - SPAtially Resolved Spectroscopy
SR - Shift Reagents
SQC - Single Quantum Coherence
SSB - Spinning Side Bands
SR - Saturation Recovery
STEAM - STimulated Echo Acquisition Mode
SVS - Single Volume Spectroscopy
TAG - Tri-Acyl Glycerol
Tau - Taurine
TD - Time Domain
tm - Mixing Time
TRAP - TRAPezoidal Window
TTHA - Triethylene Tetramine Hexa-Acetate
WDW - Window
TE-CSI - Turbo Echo Chemical Shift Imaging
VARPRO - VARiable PROjection
VOI - volume Of Interest
VSE - Volume SElected Spectroscopy
ZQC - Zero Quantum Coherence